REAL STORIES

Mike Doustdar Started at Novo as an Office Clerk. As CEO, He Just Raised a Forecast That Still Allows Shrinkage

Mike Doustdar did not arrive at the top of Novo Nordisk through the laboratory or the Copenhagen boardroom. According to the company's official biography,...

James Wells Learned to Find Weak Spots in Proteins—and Built a Drug-Discovery Method

Some of the most important interactions in biology do not happen inside neat, deep pockets. They occur where two proteins touch across broad surfaces,...

Pinchas Cohen Found Tiny Signals in Mitochondrial DNA. Peptide Science Got a New Map

For generations, biology textbooks introduced mitochondria as the cell's power plants. The metaphor was useful, but it concealed a more complicated reality. Mitochondria have their...

Masayasu Kojima Found Ghrelin in the Stomach. Hunger Became a Peptide Signal

One of the most consequential discoveries in peptide biology began with a receptor whose natural messenger was missing. Scientists knew that certain synthetic compounds...

Frances Arnold Let Evolution Do the Engineering. The Enzymes Changed Drugmaking

An enzyme is a molecular machine refined by evolution, but the version found in nature is not always the version an industrial chemist needs....

Carolyn Bertozzi Made Chemistry Work Inside Living Cells. Drug Designers Followed

Chemistry laboratories are comfortable places for reactions that would be disastrous inside a living cell. Reagents can be harsh, solvents can be toxic, and...

David Baker Wanted to Design Proteins That Nature Never Made. The Nobel Came Later

Long before protein design became a favorite phrase in artificial-intelligence headlines, David Baker was pursuing a deceptively radical idea: perhaps scientists did not have...

Philip Dawson Helped Join Peptide Fragments Into Real Proteins. The Bond Was the Breakthrough

A short peptide is not the same as a full protein, and for much of modern chemistry that difference imposed a practical limit. Researchers could...